# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: GreshamCollege 2016年2月18日
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lectures are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/greshamcollege
Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/greshamcollege
1. A historical analysis of our understanding of the mind: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
What happens when people change their minds? In this lecture, I will offer a historical perspective on changing minds, starting with a discussion of the role of medicine in changing minds. I will discuss the move from changing behaviour to changing thinking, and changing stories; and how modern mental health services use such ideas.
2. Professor Gwen Adshead explores how psychological therapy affects the mind and its implication on mental development http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... I
n this talk, I will discuss what happens when minds change, drawing on evidence from neuroscience and research into psychological therapy. I will discuss mentalisation: the process whereby humans learn to read others intentions, and explore how that can fail. I will discuss research into mindfulness practice, and the implications for mental development.
3. Professor Gwen Adshead looks at the risk factors and the common types of violence, within the context of treatment and therapy issues http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
In this talk, I explore the ethical issues that arise when people seek to change their minds. I discuss the political aspects of changing minds; the use of stories and media to create a change. I focus my talk on the process of changing "bad" minds into "better" minds, and the question of whether there is a duty to try and change people's minds when they have offended. I will ask if there is a right to be left alone to make bad choices, using examples from mental health case law.
2018-04-28
Sir Geoffrey Nice QC on International Law
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: GreshamCollege 2012年10月10日
A series of lectures by Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, Gresham Professor of Law, on international law and international criminal tribunals. The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gresham...
1 59:18 The End of Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević died a few months before the end of his trial. There were no closing arguments and there was no judgment by the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- the ICTY.
Sir Geoffrey Nice had been preparing closing arguments as the case proceeded and will explain what some of them were. Would those arguments have suggested Milošević was a deranged political dictator or merely a politician seduced by events to make bad -- criminal -- decisions? How should a prosecution craft its arguments about a single individual on trial for events that happened in a grave conflict without running the risk of 'over-prosecution'? How can four years of a trial focused on one individual avoid distortion of the complex political, military and historical realities which made mass atrocities possible?
Had Milošević's case concluded, would arguments of the Prosecution and judgments of the court have depicted a man so different from how we see ourselves and how we see 'ordinary' political leaders that the trial would have achieved little beyond achieving some retribution, some deterrence and bringing some resolution for survivors and bereaved? Or might the trial have been seen as a warning for those other 'ordinary' political leaders of how easy it is for political power to lead astray and corrupt those who might, in other circumstances, have ended their lives honourably -- all showing how valuable may be the mechanisms -- of democracy or otherwise -- that allow us to restrain bad leaders before they get worse.
2 57:40 International Criminal Tribunals
Slobodan Milošević died a few months before the end of his trial. There were no closing arguments and there was no judgment by the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- the ICTY.
Sir Geoffrey Nice had been preparing closing arguments as the case proceeded and will explain what some of them were. Would those arguments have suggested Milošević was a deranged political dictator or merely a politician seduced by events to make bad -- criminal -- decisions? How should a prosecution craft its arguments about a single individual on trial for events that happened in a grave conflict without running the risk of 'over-prosecution'? How can four years of a trial focused on one individual avoid distortion of the complex political, military and historical realities which made mass atrocities possible?
Had Milošević's case concluded, would arguments of the Prosecution and judgments of the court have depicted a man so different from how we see ourselves and how we see 'ordinary' political leaders that the trial would have achieved little beyond achieving some retribution, some deterrence and bringing some resolution for survivors and bereaved? Or might the trial have been seen as a warning for those other 'ordinary' political leaders of how easy it is for political power to lead astray and corrupt those who might, in other circumstances, have ended their lives honourably -- all showing how valuable may be the mechanisms -- of democracy or otherwise -- that allow us to restrain bad leaders before they get worse.
3 57:19 Africa and the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC)
The permanent International criminal Court (ICC) was long in planning and finally came into existence after the ad hoc Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals (the ICTY and the ICTR) were seen to have had some success.
However, problems facing the permanent court that involves itself in continuing conflicts have been seen to be different from those of the ad hoc tribunals that deal with conflicts that had been largely concluded when the tribunals first sat. African countries whose citizens have been brought before the ICC complain of unfairness and bias and that the ICC has become a court for Africa, nowhere else. May they be right?
Has the court dealt evenly with different countries or has it shown itself to be vulnerable to political influences? When the ICC becomes involved in continuing conflicts - as it has done in Africa -- does it inevitably become involved in the politics of regime change and even in the conflicts themselves? Does the tension between the universal jurisdiction claimed by international criminal courts and the immunity of heads of state from pursuit in courts help or harm when the tension leads to some heads of state remaining in office simply to maintain their immunity from pursuit?
Sir Geoffrey Nice's involvement in the Sudan, Kenya and Libya cases may provide insight and indicate how a venture some think doomed could yet be saved.
4 1:00:31 Legal Process as a Tool to Rewrite History: Law, Politics and History
Trials at the ICTY concerned political violence and criminality that resulted from disintegration of a federation from which seven new successors states were formed. That process has been defined as a 'clash of state projects', where violence happened in areas claimed by two or more parties, or an aspiring state. The war crimes trials at the ICTY that resulted from overlapping territorial claims in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo produced a huge record of trial evidence. Problems in the very small state of Kosovo may be seen as the beginning of the violent process of disintegration, now known loosely as the Balkan wars of the 1990s. The conflict in Kosovo of 1998-9 may be seen as the end of those wars. Kosovo now seeks global recognition as an independent state but faces opposition both as to its international legal entitlements and as to how its history in the conflict should be viewed.
Conflicts in the small state of Bosnia may be seen as the heart of the 1990's Balkan wars. Bosnia's complex constitution and uncertain political equilibrium have left it with an insecure future. ICTY trials had several objectives, including bringing retribution and achieving deterrence but they never sought to write history and those who would seek historical truth in the trial record might be disappointed; every trial record produces at least two competing narratives, a Prosecution narrative and a Defence narrative or narratives, neither / none of which may be accurate. Yet outside the courtroom, the trial record will be used - or abused - for shaping the collective memory of the peoples and nations involved and for providing an overall narrative of the wars themselves.
The struggle for the interpretation of historical events through the trial record might be as important in long run as the determination of guilt or innocence of the individuals tried.
Kosovo and Bosnia both face a former foe -- Serbia - which might like to leave a 'historical record' that suggests moral equivalence between Serbia and Kosovo and between Serbia and Bosnia. The ICTY's policy of prosecuting representatives of all states /entities involved in the wars, may have contributed, some argue, to a concept of 'proportionality of criminal responsibility' that may assist Serbia in achieving this goal. In any event, Serbia may have shown itself skilful in the use of the court system and of the court record to write or re-write narratives of the conflicts in Kosovo and Bosnia? If it has, how can Kosovo and Bosnia fight back and write their own -- or at least better - narratives?
5 54:01 State Involvement in War Crimes Trials
International war crimes courts deal only with the responsibility of individuals for crimes they committed. In order to avoid over-simplification of understanding what may have happened by the necessary concentration on individual criminal responsibility, it is vital not to overlook collective and state criminal responsibility; but state responsibility can only be dealt formally with at a different court, the International Court of Justice. Has this allowed states to escape attention that should have been paid to their responsibility -- as states -- for conflicts, a responsibility different in kind from the responsibility of their leaders?
All war crimes trials rely on cooperation with states, often the very ones which were involved in the relevant war, for production of valuable documents from state archives and to facilitate access to witnesses. States will be obligated by membership of the UN to cooperate while at the same time wanting or needing to obscure information that would make public the involvement of the state in the commission of crimes and mass atrocities.
What does the evidence in the Milošević trial and in other ICTY trials tell us about the responsibility of states, and not just of the states involved in conflicts? What does it tell us about the vulnerability of trials such as Milošević's to state interests that may run counter to open, forensic exploration of complex histories?
6 1:15:56 Regulation at Home, but not Abroad
In December 2012 Sir Geoffrey Nice finished four years as Vice Chair of the Bar Standards Board, the body that regulates barristers. After forty years in practice as a barrister, that included seven years working as an employed barrister in the UN, he will describe the differences between practice in a regulated legal community and practice in the UN system that operates with little effective regulation apart from what national systems impose on individual prosecution and defence lawyers. He will also review what he learnt as a regulator from looking critically at the Bar of England and Wales. The Bar of England and Wales and the country's legal system as a whole proudly assert that they are the best in the world. Are these claims justified? If so, why was legislation thought to be necessary to regulate them more closely, and was that legislation wise?
Can advantages that may exist in a national legal system -- such as that of England and Wales -- be introduced into international systems where lawyers from many countries and with different legal cultural backgrounds work together?
7 1:00:39 The Informal Vietnam Tribunal
Informal Tribunals dealing with armed conflicts include that established for the Vietnam war by Bertrand Russell. This - and other similar tribunals - showed how the citizen is not bound by the willingness of the great international organisations to intervene in known atrocities. The lecture will summarise the factual issues, show how international legal systems were unable to cope and focus on the work and findings of the informal tribunals.
8 1:05:46 The Iran Tribunal
Many innocent Iranians suffered terrible atrocities and death in the regime of the Ayatollahs in the 1980s. The UN failed to record the crimes in a formal way at any court or tribunal. Groups from around the world established an informal tribunal that prepared a report in 2013, publicly condemning the Iranian regime of grave crimes. Work of this tribunal provides a further example of how citizens dissatisfied with the performance of international institutions can deal with difficult problems in faraway places.
At this lecture there were accounts of the nature of the torturing of individuals with a contribution from an imprisoned victim explaining how it was possible to maintain sanity and to survive in circumstances where many would succumb.
9 1:06:27 Law as a New Religion & other topics
Law is everywhere providing answers to almost everything. Ever larger numbers of students want to be part of the legal mechanisms that control us, regulate us and take over from politicians when politicians sense their own incapability. It is almost a new religion. In this lecture -- and in the discussion to follow -- some of the issues dealt with in earlier years by Professor Bogdanor (such as in his lectures, Judges or Legislators: Who Should Rule?, The Judges and the Constitution and The Human Rights Act: Cornerstone of a New Constitution) will be reviewed as will the effect of Europe on our law.
10 59:13 Head of State Immunity: a Useful Relic?
Is Advocacy an innate skill or can it be taught? How might we teach it: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... UK lawyers used to think that advocacy was a God--given art. In the last 20 years -- not more - they have discovered how to train advocacy, applying skills acquired from jurisdictions around the world. Analysis of how advocacy really works benefits from looking back at earlier periods, and then looking forward to today and beyond asking whether advocacy is for establishing the truth and whether the advocate is as if the person represented or simply advocating to win on the client's behalf at almost any cost. This lecture may include practical demonstrations of examples of advocacy and may involve active engagement with the audience -- if willing!
11 55:43 Burma and North Korea: Avoid the Law unless Convenient
What has been done, and what might we do about two of the world's most repressive states: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... Conflicts in both these countries show the real limits of international law when there are powerful neighbours and geo-political interests to worry about. Both conflicts show how easy it is without international legal intervention for such conflicts to stay little known. In this lecture the history of these conflicts, and the atrocities known to have been committed in each, will be summarised and set beside legal actions that have been attempted but that failed.
12 1:04:50 Advocacy: 'as if' the Person Represented, or 'for' Them?
Sir Geoffrey Nice QC consider the history of state immunity and its likely future: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... Head of State Immunity, once unchallengeable, may now seem an antiquated concept rather than an essential component required for the orderly management of international affairs. Heads of State have become exposed to judicial intervention by international tribunals. Prosecution of Kenya's President, Kenyatta, at the International Criminal Court (ICC) will be considered, as will the theoretical and practical basis for preserving Head of State immunity. Related and recent developments in the world of international criminal tribunals will also be explored, including the revelation by a judge at one tribunal of straight political pressure said to have been exerted on judges to reach verdicts that would be favourable to states that intervene in the conflicts of others.
source: GreshamCollege 2012年10月10日
A series of lectures by Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, Gresham Professor of Law, on international law and international criminal tribunals. The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gresham...
1 59:18 The End of Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević died a few months before the end of his trial. There were no closing arguments and there was no judgment by the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- the ICTY.
Sir Geoffrey Nice had been preparing closing arguments as the case proceeded and will explain what some of them were. Would those arguments have suggested Milošević was a deranged political dictator or merely a politician seduced by events to make bad -- criminal -- decisions? How should a prosecution craft its arguments about a single individual on trial for events that happened in a grave conflict without running the risk of 'over-prosecution'? How can four years of a trial focused on one individual avoid distortion of the complex political, military and historical realities which made mass atrocities possible?
Had Milošević's case concluded, would arguments of the Prosecution and judgments of the court have depicted a man so different from how we see ourselves and how we see 'ordinary' political leaders that the trial would have achieved little beyond achieving some retribution, some deterrence and bringing some resolution for survivors and bereaved? Or might the trial have been seen as a warning for those other 'ordinary' political leaders of how easy it is for political power to lead astray and corrupt those who might, in other circumstances, have ended their lives honourably -- all showing how valuable may be the mechanisms -- of democracy or otherwise -- that allow us to restrain bad leaders before they get worse.
2 57:40 International Criminal Tribunals
Slobodan Milošević died a few months before the end of his trial. There were no closing arguments and there was no judgment by the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- the ICTY.
Sir Geoffrey Nice had been preparing closing arguments as the case proceeded and will explain what some of them were. Would those arguments have suggested Milošević was a deranged political dictator or merely a politician seduced by events to make bad -- criminal -- decisions? How should a prosecution craft its arguments about a single individual on trial for events that happened in a grave conflict without running the risk of 'over-prosecution'? How can four years of a trial focused on one individual avoid distortion of the complex political, military and historical realities which made mass atrocities possible?
Had Milošević's case concluded, would arguments of the Prosecution and judgments of the court have depicted a man so different from how we see ourselves and how we see 'ordinary' political leaders that the trial would have achieved little beyond achieving some retribution, some deterrence and bringing some resolution for survivors and bereaved? Or might the trial have been seen as a warning for those other 'ordinary' political leaders of how easy it is for political power to lead astray and corrupt those who might, in other circumstances, have ended their lives honourably -- all showing how valuable may be the mechanisms -- of democracy or otherwise -- that allow us to restrain bad leaders before they get worse.
3 57:19 Africa and the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC)
The permanent International criminal Court (ICC) was long in planning and finally came into existence after the ad hoc Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals (the ICTY and the ICTR) were seen to have had some success.
However, problems facing the permanent court that involves itself in continuing conflicts have been seen to be different from those of the ad hoc tribunals that deal with conflicts that had been largely concluded when the tribunals first sat. African countries whose citizens have been brought before the ICC complain of unfairness and bias and that the ICC has become a court for Africa, nowhere else. May they be right?
Has the court dealt evenly with different countries or has it shown itself to be vulnerable to political influences? When the ICC becomes involved in continuing conflicts - as it has done in Africa -- does it inevitably become involved in the politics of regime change and even in the conflicts themselves? Does the tension between the universal jurisdiction claimed by international criminal courts and the immunity of heads of state from pursuit in courts help or harm when the tension leads to some heads of state remaining in office simply to maintain their immunity from pursuit?
Sir Geoffrey Nice's involvement in the Sudan, Kenya and Libya cases may provide insight and indicate how a venture some think doomed could yet be saved.
4 1:00:31 Legal Process as a Tool to Rewrite History: Law, Politics and History
Trials at the ICTY concerned political violence and criminality that resulted from disintegration of a federation from which seven new successors states were formed. That process has been defined as a 'clash of state projects', where violence happened in areas claimed by two or more parties, or an aspiring state. The war crimes trials at the ICTY that resulted from overlapping territorial claims in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo produced a huge record of trial evidence. Problems in the very small state of Kosovo may be seen as the beginning of the violent process of disintegration, now known loosely as the Balkan wars of the 1990s. The conflict in Kosovo of 1998-9 may be seen as the end of those wars. Kosovo now seeks global recognition as an independent state but faces opposition both as to its international legal entitlements and as to how its history in the conflict should be viewed.
Conflicts in the small state of Bosnia may be seen as the heart of the 1990's Balkan wars. Bosnia's complex constitution and uncertain political equilibrium have left it with an insecure future. ICTY trials had several objectives, including bringing retribution and achieving deterrence but they never sought to write history and those who would seek historical truth in the trial record might be disappointed; every trial record produces at least two competing narratives, a Prosecution narrative and a Defence narrative or narratives, neither / none of which may be accurate. Yet outside the courtroom, the trial record will be used - or abused - for shaping the collective memory of the peoples and nations involved and for providing an overall narrative of the wars themselves.
The struggle for the interpretation of historical events through the trial record might be as important in long run as the determination of guilt or innocence of the individuals tried.
Kosovo and Bosnia both face a former foe -- Serbia - which might like to leave a 'historical record' that suggests moral equivalence between Serbia and Kosovo and between Serbia and Bosnia. The ICTY's policy of prosecuting representatives of all states /entities involved in the wars, may have contributed, some argue, to a concept of 'proportionality of criminal responsibility' that may assist Serbia in achieving this goal. In any event, Serbia may have shown itself skilful in the use of the court system and of the court record to write or re-write narratives of the conflicts in Kosovo and Bosnia? If it has, how can Kosovo and Bosnia fight back and write their own -- or at least better - narratives?
5 54:01 State Involvement in War Crimes Trials
International war crimes courts deal only with the responsibility of individuals for crimes they committed. In order to avoid over-simplification of understanding what may have happened by the necessary concentration on individual criminal responsibility, it is vital not to overlook collective and state criminal responsibility; but state responsibility can only be dealt formally with at a different court, the International Court of Justice. Has this allowed states to escape attention that should have been paid to their responsibility -- as states -- for conflicts, a responsibility different in kind from the responsibility of their leaders?
All war crimes trials rely on cooperation with states, often the very ones which were involved in the relevant war, for production of valuable documents from state archives and to facilitate access to witnesses. States will be obligated by membership of the UN to cooperate while at the same time wanting or needing to obscure information that would make public the involvement of the state in the commission of crimes and mass atrocities.
What does the evidence in the Milošević trial and in other ICTY trials tell us about the responsibility of states, and not just of the states involved in conflicts? What does it tell us about the vulnerability of trials such as Milošević's to state interests that may run counter to open, forensic exploration of complex histories?
6 1:15:56 Regulation at Home, but not Abroad
In December 2012 Sir Geoffrey Nice finished four years as Vice Chair of the Bar Standards Board, the body that regulates barristers. After forty years in practice as a barrister, that included seven years working as an employed barrister in the UN, he will describe the differences between practice in a regulated legal community and practice in the UN system that operates with little effective regulation apart from what national systems impose on individual prosecution and defence lawyers. He will also review what he learnt as a regulator from looking critically at the Bar of England and Wales. The Bar of England and Wales and the country's legal system as a whole proudly assert that they are the best in the world. Are these claims justified? If so, why was legislation thought to be necessary to regulate them more closely, and was that legislation wise?
Can advantages that may exist in a national legal system -- such as that of England and Wales -- be introduced into international systems where lawyers from many countries and with different legal cultural backgrounds work together?
7 1:00:39 The Informal Vietnam Tribunal
Informal Tribunals dealing with armed conflicts include that established for the Vietnam war by Bertrand Russell. This - and other similar tribunals - showed how the citizen is not bound by the willingness of the great international organisations to intervene in known atrocities. The lecture will summarise the factual issues, show how international legal systems were unable to cope and focus on the work and findings of the informal tribunals.
8 1:05:46 The Iran Tribunal
Many innocent Iranians suffered terrible atrocities and death in the regime of the Ayatollahs in the 1980s. The UN failed to record the crimes in a formal way at any court or tribunal. Groups from around the world established an informal tribunal that prepared a report in 2013, publicly condemning the Iranian regime of grave crimes. Work of this tribunal provides a further example of how citizens dissatisfied with the performance of international institutions can deal with difficult problems in faraway places.
At this lecture there were accounts of the nature of the torturing of individuals with a contribution from an imprisoned victim explaining how it was possible to maintain sanity and to survive in circumstances where many would succumb.
9 1:06:27 Law as a New Religion & other topics
Law is everywhere providing answers to almost everything. Ever larger numbers of students want to be part of the legal mechanisms that control us, regulate us and take over from politicians when politicians sense their own incapability. It is almost a new religion. In this lecture -- and in the discussion to follow -- some of the issues dealt with in earlier years by Professor Bogdanor (such as in his lectures, Judges or Legislators: Who Should Rule?, The Judges and the Constitution and The Human Rights Act: Cornerstone of a New Constitution) will be reviewed as will the effect of Europe on our law.
10 59:13 Head of State Immunity: a Useful Relic?
Is Advocacy an innate skill or can it be taught? How might we teach it: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... UK lawyers used to think that advocacy was a God--given art. In the last 20 years -- not more - they have discovered how to train advocacy, applying skills acquired from jurisdictions around the world. Analysis of how advocacy really works benefits from looking back at earlier periods, and then looking forward to today and beyond asking whether advocacy is for establishing the truth and whether the advocate is as if the person represented or simply advocating to win on the client's behalf at almost any cost. This lecture may include practical demonstrations of examples of advocacy and may involve active engagement with the audience -- if willing!
11 55:43 Burma and North Korea: Avoid the Law unless Convenient
What has been done, and what might we do about two of the world's most repressive states: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... Conflicts in both these countries show the real limits of international law when there are powerful neighbours and geo-political interests to worry about. Both conflicts show how easy it is without international legal intervention for such conflicts to stay little known. In this lecture the history of these conflicts, and the atrocities known to have been committed in each, will be summarised and set beside legal actions that have been attempted but that failed.
12 1:04:50 Advocacy: 'as if' the Person Represented, or 'for' Them?
Sir Geoffrey Nice QC consider the history of state immunity and its likely future: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and... Head of State Immunity, once unchallengeable, may now seem an antiquated concept rather than an essential component required for the orderly management of international affairs. Heads of State have become exposed to judicial intervention by international tribunals. Prosecution of Kenya's President, Kenyatta, at the International Criminal Court (ICC) will be considered, as will the theoretical and practical basis for preserving Head of State immunity. Related and recent developments in the world of international criminal tribunals will also be explored, including the revelation by a judge at one tribunal of straight political pressure said to have been exerted on judges to reach verdicts that would be favourable to states that intervene in the conflicts of others.
The Theatre in London
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: GreshamCollege 2012年10月15日
A series of four public lectures looking at various aspects of theatre in London today, from the status of the West End in the economic depression to the exporting of British musicals to China. The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gresham...
1 27:52 Is Theatre History? The Alternative Explosion - Sam Walters
Theatre can be seen as yesterday's art form. The Greeks did it. Shakespeare did it best. We have just lived through the century of film and television. Now we are in the new digital age. Is the survival of the theatre now really threatened? If so, how should the challenge be met?
2 32:06 London Theatre: Past Glories, Today's Success and Tomorrow's Opportunities - Julian Bird
Theatre can be seen as yesterday's art form. The Greeks did it. Shakespeare did it best. We have just lived through the century of film and television. Now we are in the new digital age. Is the survival of the theatre now really threatened? If so, how should the challenge be met?
3 31:56 West End Theatre in China: The Mandarin Mamma Mia! - David Lightbody
In June 2011 the first ever Mandarin language production of a first class musical opened in Shanghai to an ecstatic reaction from audiences, the Press and some might say most importantly, the Government. The Chinese version of Mamma Mia! has broken new ground, bringing London's West End to the Chinese population in their own language. As the newest world market for West End theatre what does the success of Mamma Mia! say about opportunities in China for British theatre and what does an appetite for West End productions say about modern China?
4 57:55 The Future of London Theatre - Professor Anthony Field
John Maynard Keynes was asked how he saw the future and replied "The future is not seen, it is made". However, you cannot make the future when dealing with something conceived out of passion. Thus, the future of London Theatre - whether buildings or productions -- cannot be planned because they represent the substance of faith.
So let us examine why drama has never been destroyed and, since early Greek and Roman times, has outlived the very civilisations that produced it...
source: GreshamCollege 2012年10月15日
A series of four public lectures looking at various aspects of theatre in London today, from the status of the West End in the economic depression to the exporting of British musicals to China. The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gresham...
1 27:52 Is Theatre History? The Alternative Explosion - Sam Walters
Theatre can be seen as yesterday's art form. The Greeks did it. Shakespeare did it best. We have just lived through the century of film and television. Now we are in the new digital age. Is the survival of the theatre now really threatened? If so, how should the challenge be met?
2 32:06 London Theatre: Past Glories, Today's Success and Tomorrow's Opportunities - Julian Bird
Theatre can be seen as yesterday's art form. The Greeks did it. Shakespeare did it best. We have just lived through the century of film and television. Now we are in the new digital age. Is the survival of the theatre now really threatened? If so, how should the challenge be met?
3 31:56 West End Theatre in China: The Mandarin Mamma Mia! - David Lightbody
In June 2011 the first ever Mandarin language production of a first class musical opened in Shanghai to an ecstatic reaction from audiences, the Press and some might say most importantly, the Government. The Chinese version of Mamma Mia! has broken new ground, bringing London's West End to the Chinese population in their own language. As the newest world market for West End theatre what does the success of Mamma Mia! say about opportunities in China for British theatre and what does an appetite for West End productions say about modern China?
4 57:55 The Future of London Theatre - Professor Anthony Field
John Maynard Keynes was asked how he saw the future and replied "The future is not seen, it is made". However, you cannot make the future when dealing with something conceived out of passion. Thus, the future of London Theatre - whether buildings or productions -- cannot be planned because they represent the substance of faith.
So let us examine why drama has never been destroyed and, since early Greek and Roman times, has outlived the very civilisations that produced it...
William Ayliffe--The Eye and Vision (2011-2014)
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: GreshamCollege 2011年8月11日
A series of free public ophthalmology lectures by William Ayliffe, Gresham Professor of Physic. All information is available on the Gresham College website: www.gresham.ac.uk
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lectures are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
1 1:03:21 Fun with Visual Illusions
Visual illusions entertain and astonish us. How and why they occur is due to the way our visual system processes information. The study of visual illusions leads to many surprising and counterintuitive conclusions about vision. How illusions occur will be illustrated with many beautiful, well-known examples from art history as well as novel images. Following this talk the world out there will seem to be a very different place.
2 1:01:41 Correction of Optical Defects: From Spectacles to Lasers
Despite sophisticated techniques; Laser, intraocular surgery and contact lenses; spectacles remain the most popular method for correcting optical defects of the eye. Roger Bacon (1266) proposed that convex lenses could be used for elderly people with failing sight, replacing crystals used for magnification. Printing exploded the need for spectacles and by the close of the 20th century amazing advances in surgery corrected vision defects.
3 1:00:06 Diabetes, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases of the Eye
The transparent tissues of the eye allow light to reach the retina. This highly metabolic tissue requires oxygen delivered by the blood vessels, which are damaged by disease. Diabetic retinopathy is the commonest cause of blindness in the working-age population and in later life hypertension adds to this toll. The eyes maybe the mirror of the soul, but they certainly are a window into our general health. This lecture traces the story from the development of the ophthalmoscope to modern treatments.
6 53:53 How do we see Colour?
Evolving in a silent, dark world, organisms developed receptors that could detect and differentiate components of the electromagnetic spectrum from the sun. Computation of the proportions of different wavelengths emitted from objects is used to form the perception of colour by the visual system, enhancing the ability to differentiate objects from background. The beauty of colour, used by individuals, artists and commerce is important in all cultures from pre-history to the present.
Did the eye evolve and, if so, how? Creationists and evolutionary biologists have argued over this controversy since Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859. About 830 million years ago, in the Cambrian period, an explosion of the number of species occurred, and the possession of vision was a major survival advantage. Did these diverse eyes evolve separately many different times? Recent genetic research on eyes in insects and mammals reveals that they are more closely related than suspected.
9 1:00:46 Vision and the Artist
Visual disorders affect the way we see, and therefore would be expected to influence how we depict the world in drawings and paintings. This fascinating subject is explored using images created by artists with known defects. We examine how possible defects in the vision of artists for whom we have little information about their eyesight, might explain how they produced their individual style. How the physiology of vision is deliberately used by artists to create stunning visual effects, and how ancient artists achieved similar results by deduction will be explored.
10 59:04 Animal Eyes
How does my dog see? Do eagles have better vision than humans? This homocentric view of vision with its associated mythology is explored in this review of survival strategies used by various animals in their environments. The way we see is predicated by what we need to see. From prawns to birds we will explore how eyes have adapted to be perfect for the tasks assigned to them. No longer can we claim that our human vision is the standard by which other animals must be judged as either inferior or superior.
11 58:55 Technology and Vision - Professors William Ayliffe, John Marshall MBE and Dan Reinstein
The discipline of Ophthalmology is recognised both as an early adopter of new technology and a developer of novel techniques. Soon after lasers were invented, they were being used to treat diabetic eyes and new lasers developed into exquisite tools for reshaping the cornea in refractive surgery. In electronics the possibility of artificial vision in blind people and robots is becoming reality. In biology, advances in transplantation science have increased the numbers of treatable conditions. From stem cells to genetic manipulation, technological advances have the potential to cure blindness in ways not thought possible a decade ago.
12 1:00:03 The Window on the Soul
Vision is the dominant sense through which sighted people have developed our culture. It requires enormous computational power: over half of the human brain is assigned to create vision from the electrical impulses generated by light. Since ancient times, the beauty of the visual world has fascinated us. People born blind have learned extraordinary strategies. Integration of this information will allow robots to function more efficiently and give blind people new insights on their environment.
13 55:03 The Eye at War: Preventing and treating combat injuries
Deliberately blinding opponents has always been part of warfare.
Sophisticated protective armour has ancient origins. With the incrementally rising incidence of eye injuries with each successive modern war, eye protection had to be re-invented with often bizarre results.
As the face and eye became a major site of injury; modern plastic surgery was created from the carnage of the trenches in WWI. Further advances occurred with the treatment of burned pilots in the Second World War. The co-operation of artists, sculptors and surgeons led to rehabilitation of many of these people and to a change in public perception of patients with such injuries.
An extraordinary story of extraordinary people reveals how the dedication and humanity of these surgeons led to much that we take for granted in our modern world.
14 1:02:35 Transplantation and the Eye
The first successful solid organ transplant was the cornea in Moravia in 1905. However both science and clinical tools then available were unable to allow further advances. The discovery of the natural barriers to transplantation enabled understanding of the biology of transplants and now livers, hearts, kidneys and corneas are routinely transplanted.
In ophthalmology the advances in microsurgery and microscopes have led to better visual outcomes and less loss of donor organs. Indeed it is now possible to transplant each individual layer of the cornea.
These breathtaking procedures have revolutionised the treatment of blinding diseases of the eye.
Attention is now turning to developing techniques for transplanting retinal tissues opening up potential hope for those suffering from macular degeneration, the commonest cause of loss if sight in the elderly population.
15 1:00:14 Return of the Microbes: How infections are once more taking over
After decades of improvement in treatment many microbes were thought to be on the edge of extinction, now they appear to be resurgent: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Whilst this was achieved with smallpox, the promise if eradication of trachoma and river blindness remains elusive. Furthermore the increasing resistance if organisms to antibiotics is becoming and urgent challenge in all parts of the world. The resurgence if Tuberculosis is a particular problem. How these organisms cause disease, blindness, how they are treated and how we may eradicate them concerns each and every one of us. The answer is becoming more difficult and more urgent to find.
16 1:06:34 Eye on the Future
This lecture examines how the treatment of infection , injury and disease will change as science progresses: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Gene therapy, stem cells antibodies, RNA interference and nanotechnology have all been investigated as potential treatments for a variety of eye diseases. Some of these have already entered clinical use whilst others remain in investigational stage. These new exciting and exotic sounding technologies are likely to play an increasing role in eye-care. What they are, how they work and what they are likely to achieve will be discussed in this lecture.
17 1:04:07 Artificial Eye, Artificial Vision: How does my robot see?
Seeing robots and blind patients with artificial vision are already a reality. What was thought impossible ten years ago is now commonplace. What will the next yen years reveal to us? http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Recent technological improvements have allowed further miniaturisation of electronic components. This has allowed the implantation of devices that can replace the initial photoreception by rods and cones in patients with absence of these cells from disease. Artificial vision is also needed for independently mobile machines. Understanding the human visual system has also led to improvements of robot navigation. For instance programming robots with visual illusions improves their performance in complex environments. Seeing robots and blind patients with artificial vision are already a reality. Truly amazing inventions are just steps away. What was thought impossible ten years ago is now commonplace. What will the next yen years reveal to us?
18 1:14:56 The Iconography of Blindness: How artists have portrayed the blind
A world renowned eye surgeon examines the portrayal the blind in art throughout the centuries, and discusses what we can infer from these depictions: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Blind people have always been with us. The attitudes of society have varied over the years from disgust and horror to sympathy and kindness. How a painter depicts whether a subject cannot see in contrast to those who can us an interesting subject with a surprising number of examples. Some if these images clearly reveal the painters attitudes to blinding disability. Many are sensitive and beautiful creations in their own right. Looking at these works of art challenges our own preconceptions about blind people
source: GreshamCollege 2011年8月11日
A series of free public ophthalmology lectures by William Ayliffe, Gresham Professor of Physic. All information is available on the Gresham College website: www.gresham.ac.uk
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lectures are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
1 1:03:21 Fun with Visual Illusions
Visual illusions entertain and astonish us. How and why they occur is due to the way our visual system processes information. The study of visual illusions leads to many surprising and counterintuitive conclusions about vision. How illusions occur will be illustrated with many beautiful, well-known examples from art history as well as novel images. Following this talk the world out there will seem to be a very different place.
2 1:01:41 Correction of Optical Defects: From Spectacles to Lasers
Despite sophisticated techniques; Laser, intraocular surgery and contact lenses; spectacles remain the most popular method for correcting optical defects of the eye. Roger Bacon (1266) proposed that convex lenses could be used for elderly people with failing sight, replacing crystals used for magnification. Printing exploded the need for spectacles and by the close of the 20th century amazing advances in surgery corrected vision defects.
3 1:00:06 Diabetes, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases of the Eye
The transparent tissues of the eye allow light to reach the retina. This highly metabolic tissue requires oxygen delivered by the blood vessels, which are damaged by disease. Diabetic retinopathy is the commonest cause of blindness in the working-age population and in later life hypertension adds to this toll. The eyes maybe the mirror of the soul, but they certainly are a window into our general health. This lecture traces the story from the development of the ophthalmoscope to modern treatments.
4 52:06 Blindness in Children: The Global Perspective
It is not only a personal tragedy to be born or to acquire blindness in early life but also a major socio-economic problem. Tragically many cases are preventable. Professor Gilbert will explain why children become blind and how programs instigated worldwide treatment and prevent blindness.
5 55:22 Why we see what we do
The visual system has developed to allow us to navigate in a complex and dangerous world in order to find food and to avoid danger. This survival system works by building a complex three-dimensional model based on two-dimensional data from the retina. This model is tested against "reality" and checked with information from other senses and updated if needed. The brain suppresses the complexity of this processing and we believe that vision is instantaneous, real and effortless. But is seeing just an illusion?
Evolving in a silent, dark world, organisms developed receptors that could detect and differentiate components of the electromagnetic spectrum from the sun. Computation of the proportions of different wavelengths emitted from objects is used to form the perception of colour by the visual system, enhancing the ability to differentiate objects from background. The beauty of colour, used by individuals, artists and commerce is important in all cultures from pre-history to the present.
7 59:44 The Ageing Eye
As the eye ages, profound structural changes occur, leading to visual impairment and even blindness. Exciting discoveries in biological science and surgery are opening up possible new treatments for these common conditions. The economic impact on society as populations become older and the role of governments and charities will be discussed.
8 1:01:37 The Evolution of VisionDid the eye evolve and, if so, how? Creationists and evolutionary biologists have argued over this controversy since Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859. About 830 million years ago, in the Cambrian period, an explosion of the number of species occurred, and the possession of vision was a major survival advantage. Did these diverse eyes evolve separately many different times? Recent genetic research on eyes in insects and mammals reveals that they are more closely related than suspected.
9 1:00:46 Vision and the Artist
Visual disorders affect the way we see, and therefore would be expected to influence how we depict the world in drawings and paintings. This fascinating subject is explored using images created by artists with known defects. We examine how possible defects in the vision of artists for whom we have little information about their eyesight, might explain how they produced their individual style. How the physiology of vision is deliberately used by artists to create stunning visual effects, and how ancient artists achieved similar results by deduction will be explored.
10 59:04 Animal Eyes
How does my dog see? Do eagles have better vision than humans? This homocentric view of vision with its associated mythology is explored in this review of survival strategies used by various animals in their environments. The way we see is predicated by what we need to see. From prawns to birds we will explore how eyes have adapted to be perfect for the tasks assigned to them. No longer can we claim that our human vision is the standard by which other animals must be judged as either inferior or superior.
11 58:55 Technology and Vision - Professors William Ayliffe, John Marshall MBE and Dan Reinstein
The discipline of Ophthalmology is recognised both as an early adopter of new technology and a developer of novel techniques. Soon after lasers were invented, they were being used to treat diabetic eyes and new lasers developed into exquisite tools for reshaping the cornea in refractive surgery. In electronics the possibility of artificial vision in blind people and robots is becoming reality. In biology, advances in transplantation science have increased the numbers of treatable conditions. From stem cells to genetic manipulation, technological advances have the potential to cure blindness in ways not thought possible a decade ago.
12 1:00:03 The Window on the Soul
Vision is the dominant sense through which sighted people have developed our culture. It requires enormous computational power: over half of the human brain is assigned to create vision from the electrical impulses generated by light. Since ancient times, the beauty of the visual world has fascinated us. People born blind have learned extraordinary strategies. Integration of this information will allow robots to function more efficiently and give blind people new insights on their environment.
13 55:03 The Eye at War: Preventing and treating combat injuries
Deliberately blinding opponents has always been part of warfare.
Sophisticated protective armour has ancient origins. With the incrementally rising incidence of eye injuries with each successive modern war, eye protection had to be re-invented with often bizarre results.
As the face and eye became a major site of injury; modern plastic surgery was created from the carnage of the trenches in WWI. Further advances occurred with the treatment of burned pilots in the Second World War. The co-operation of artists, sculptors and surgeons led to rehabilitation of many of these people and to a change in public perception of patients with such injuries.
An extraordinary story of extraordinary people reveals how the dedication and humanity of these surgeons led to much that we take for granted in our modern world.
14 1:02:35 Transplantation and the Eye
The first successful solid organ transplant was the cornea in Moravia in 1905. However both science and clinical tools then available were unable to allow further advances. The discovery of the natural barriers to transplantation enabled understanding of the biology of transplants and now livers, hearts, kidneys and corneas are routinely transplanted.
In ophthalmology the advances in microsurgery and microscopes have led to better visual outcomes and less loss of donor organs. Indeed it is now possible to transplant each individual layer of the cornea.
These breathtaking procedures have revolutionised the treatment of blinding diseases of the eye.
Attention is now turning to developing techniques for transplanting retinal tissues opening up potential hope for those suffering from macular degeneration, the commonest cause of loss if sight in the elderly population.
15 1:00:14 Return of the Microbes: How infections are once more taking over
After decades of improvement in treatment many microbes were thought to be on the edge of extinction, now they appear to be resurgent: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Whilst this was achieved with smallpox, the promise if eradication of trachoma and river blindness remains elusive. Furthermore the increasing resistance if organisms to antibiotics is becoming and urgent challenge in all parts of the world. The resurgence if Tuberculosis is a particular problem. How these organisms cause disease, blindness, how they are treated and how we may eradicate them concerns each and every one of us. The answer is becoming more difficult and more urgent to find.
16 1:06:34 Eye on the Future
This lecture examines how the treatment of infection , injury and disease will change as science progresses: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Gene therapy, stem cells antibodies, RNA interference and nanotechnology have all been investigated as potential treatments for a variety of eye diseases. Some of these have already entered clinical use whilst others remain in investigational stage. These new exciting and exotic sounding technologies are likely to play an increasing role in eye-care. What they are, how they work and what they are likely to achieve will be discussed in this lecture.
17 1:04:07 Artificial Eye, Artificial Vision: How does my robot see?
Seeing robots and blind patients with artificial vision are already a reality. What was thought impossible ten years ago is now commonplace. What will the next yen years reveal to us? http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Recent technological improvements have allowed further miniaturisation of electronic components. This has allowed the implantation of devices that can replace the initial photoreception by rods and cones in patients with absence of these cells from disease. Artificial vision is also needed for independently mobile machines. Understanding the human visual system has also led to improvements of robot navigation. For instance programming robots with visual illusions improves their performance in complex environments. Seeing robots and blind patients with artificial vision are already a reality. Truly amazing inventions are just steps away. What was thought impossible ten years ago is now commonplace. What will the next yen years reveal to us?
18 1:14:56 The Iconography of Blindness: How artists have portrayed the blind
A world renowned eye surgeon examines the portrayal the blind in art throughout the centuries, and discusses what we can infer from these depictions: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Blind people have always been with us. The attitudes of society have varied over the years from disgust and horror to sympathy and kindness. How a painter depicts whether a subject cannot see in contrast to those who can us an interesting subject with a surprising number of examples. Some if these images clearly reveal the painters attitudes to blinding disability. Many are sensitive and beautiful creations in their own right. Looking at these works of art challenges our own preconceptions about blind people
Sir Richard J. Evans FBA--The Great Plagues from the Middle Ages to the Present Day
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: GreshamCollege 2012年10月4日
Epidemic diseases have been as important as war in their devastating effects on human society through the ages. This series of lectures looks at them in their relation to society, the economy, culture and ideas, and the state. Almost always their origin and spread are conditioned by human interactions, and the effectiveness of medical intervention still depends heavily on the social and political context. We will be examining the extent to which epidemics have brought about social change, how they have affected politics, and where they have affected, or been affected by, the state. The lectures will consider the cultural impact of epidemics, in art and literature, and in religious belief. And we will be looking at the possibilities of future epidemics and the threats disease poses for human society today. The transcript and downloadable versions of the lectures are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gresham...
1 57:32 The Black Death
Bubonic plague first swept Europe in the age of Justinian, in the sixth century, killing an estimated 25 million people in the Byzantine Empire and spreading further west. Its most devastating outbreak was in mid-fourteenth-century Europe, when it destroyed perhaps a third of the continent's population. Italian city-states pioneered the policies of quarantine and isolation that remained standard preventive measures for many centuries; religious revival and popular disturbances, crime and conflict may have spread as life was cheapened by the mass impact of the plague. The economic effects of the drastic reduction in population were severe, though not necessarily negative. Later outbreaks of the plague culminated in outbreaks in Seville (1647), London (1665), Vienna (1679) and Marseilles (1720) and then it disappeared from Europe while recurring in Asia through the nineteenth century. The plague set the template for many later confrontations with epidemic disease, discussed in the following lectures.
2 54:19 The Great Pox: The History of Syphilis
The sexually transmitted disease syphilis is generally thought to have been imported into Europe from the Americas in the late fifteenth century as part of the 'Columban exchange', in which other diseases, notably smallpox, travelled in the other direction, with terrible consequences for Native American society. It spread rapidly through Europe, spread above all by armies moving across the continent in the many wars of the time. Painters from Dürer to Rembrandt represented the ravage it wrought, while the threat it posed gave rise to numerous treatments in literature and drama (notably Ibsen' Ghosts) and strongly affected attitudes to sexuality and prostitution, both explored in this lecture. It remained common well into the twentieth century and still kills millions worldwide every year; reasonably effective treatment only became possible just before the First World War, and the search for a complete cure led to dangerous medical experiments on involuntary human subjects later in the twentieth century, raising major issues of medical ethics.
3 56:52 The White Plague: A Social History of Tuberculosis
Of all diseases tuberculosis is the most widely represented in literature, opera and drama. The disease has been present in humans since prehistory and hence has a particularly long pedigree of representation in myth and culture, being one of the sources of vampire stories on the one hand, and playing a key role in novels of slow deathbed decline on the other. Though many characters in the fictional representation of tuberculosis are well-off, most famously of course in Thomas Mann's 'The Magic Mountain', it was in fact a disease of the poor, and reached new levels in the industrial revolution. Correspondingly the slow decline of its incidence owed more to housing reform, slum clearance and increasing prosperity than to medical intervention. The discovery of the vector of the disease in the late nineteenth century led to effective prevention through the BCG vaccine from the 1920s, and after 1945 the arrival of antibiotics promised its complete eradication. Since the 1980s however resistant strains of the disease have been spreading, and it has once more become associated with poverty, poor state management and control of disease, and wretched housing conditions, above all in India.
4 59:38 Blue Funk and Yellow Peril
'Asiatic cholera', which arrived in Europe in the early nineteenth century, was widely seen as Asia's revenge on Europe for the extension of European empires in the East. During the nineteenth century governments reacted first by trying to establish quarantines, then when these did not work, the 'miasmatic' theory of disease communication became dominant. Some have argued this won favour because it furthered the interests of free trade and conformed to the beliefs of liberalism. Later in the century, with the discovery of the cholera bacillus, more effective preventive measures were introduced. Cholera was spread by armies (Crimean War) and trade. It hit the urban poor hardest, and epidemics often produced popular protest, with medical officials in Russia being lynched during the epidemic of 1892. Later outbreaks have almost always been associated with the breakdown of the state through civil war (Peru) or natural disaster (Haiti).
5 1:02:06 'The Great Unwashed'
Typhus, the subject of the fifth lecture in the series, was caused by a bacterium hosted by the human body louse, and has thus always been associated with dirty and overcrowded conditions and spread above all by armies marching across the countryside and living in filthy and unhygienic conditions. In 18th-century England it was known as 'gaol fever'. The 'hyginenic revolution' of the Victorian era reduced its incidence. Preventive measures taken on the Western Front reduced casualties, but it recurred during the Second World War, especially at Stalingrad and in Nazi concentration camps. The Nazis carried out numerous experiments on involuntary human subjects to try and develop preventive measures; in Nazi propaganda, the spread of typhus was attributed to the Jews, who were likened to bacilli or lice in order to make their mass murder at Auschwitz and elsewhere acceptable.
6 47:51 Lessons from the Past, Warnings for the Future
The concluding lecture takes the example of HIV/AIDS and discusses how reactions to the epidemic mirrored those found in the social and cultural perception of earlier epidemics. As in earlier epidemics, sufferers have been ostracized, persecuted or blamed for their own misfortune. In South Africa the government of Thabn Mbeki dismissed AIDS as an ideological construct of neo-colonialism building on racist stereotypes of Africans as sexually irresponsible, with disastrous consequences. HIV/AIDS has spread rapidly through modern means of communication, such as air travel, just as cholera was spread by traffic on railways and steamships. Future epidemics may spread even more rapidly, and the series concludes by asking what, if anything, can be done to prevent them.
source: GreshamCollege 2012年10月4日
Epidemic diseases have been as important as war in their devastating effects on human society through the ages. This series of lectures looks at them in their relation to society, the economy, culture and ideas, and the state. Almost always their origin and spread are conditioned by human interactions, and the effectiveness of medical intervention still depends heavily on the social and political context. We will be examining the extent to which epidemics have brought about social change, how they have affected politics, and where they have affected, or been affected by, the state. The lectures will consider the cultural impact of epidemics, in art and literature, and in religious belief. And we will be looking at the possibilities of future epidemics and the threats disease poses for human society today. The transcript and downloadable versions of the lectures are available from the Gresham College website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and...
Website: http://www.gresham.ac.uk
Twitter: http://twitter.com/GreshamCollege
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gresham...
1 57:32 The Black Death
Bubonic plague first swept Europe in the age of Justinian, in the sixth century, killing an estimated 25 million people in the Byzantine Empire and spreading further west. Its most devastating outbreak was in mid-fourteenth-century Europe, when it destroyed perhaps a third of the continent's population. Italian city-states pioneered the policies of quarantine and isolation that remained standard preventive measures for many centuries; religious revival and popular disturbances, crime and conflict may have spread as life was cheapened by the mass impact of the plague. The economic effects of the drastic reduction in population were severe, though not necessarily negative. Later outbreaks of the plague culminated in outbreaks in Seville (1647), London (1665), Vienna (1679) and Marseilles (1720) and then it disappeared from Europe while recurring in Asia through the nineteenth century. The plague set the template for many later confrontations with epidemic disease, discussed in the following lectures.
2 54:19 The Great Pox: The History of Syphilis
The sexually transmitted disease syphilis is generally thought to have been imported into Europe from the Americas in the late fifteenth century as part of the 'Columban exchange', in which other diseases, notably smallpox, travelled in the other direction, with terrible consequences for Native American society. It spread rapidly through Europe, spread above all by armies moving across the continent in the many wars of the time. Painters from Dürer to Rembrandt represented the ravage it wrought, while the threat it posed gave rise to numerous treatments in literature and drama (notably Ibsen' Ghosts) and strongly affected attitudes to sexuality and prostitution, both explored in this lecture. It remained common well into the twentieth century and still kills millions worldwide every year; reasonably effective treatment only became possible just before the First World War, and the search for a complete cure led to dangerous medical experiments on involuntary human subjects later in the twentieth century, raising major issues of medical ethics.
3 56:52 The White Plague: A Social History of Tuberculosis
Of all diseases tuberculosis is the most widely represented in literature, opera and drama. The disease has been present in humans since prehistory and hence has a particularly long pedigree of representation in myth and culture, being one of the sources of vampire stories on the one hand, and playing a key role in novels of slow deathbed decline on the other. Though many characters in the fictional representation of tuberculosis are well-off, most famously of course in Thomas Mann's 'The Magic Mountain', it was in fact a disease of the poor, and reached new levels in the industrial revolution. Correspondingly the slow decline of its incidence owed more to housing reform, slum clearance and increasing prosperity than to medical intervention. The discovery of the vector of the disease in the late nineteenth century led to effective prevention through the BCG vaccine from the 1920s, and after 1945 the arrival of antibiotics promised its complete eradication. Since the 1980s however resistant strains of the disease have been spreading, and it has once more become associated with poverty, poor state management and control of disease, and wretched housing conditions, above all in India.
4 59:38 Blue Funk and Yellow Peril
'Asiatic cholera', which arrived in Europe in the early nineteenth century, was widely seen as Asia's revenge on Europe for the extension of European empires in the East. During the nineteenth century governments reacted first by trying to establish quarantines, then when these did not work, the 'miasmatic' theory of disease communication became dominant. Some have argued this won favour because it furthered the interests of free trade and conformed to the beliefs of liberalism. Later in the century, with the discovery of the cholera bacillus, more effective preventive measures were introduced. Cholera was spread by armies (Crimean War) and trade. It hit the urban poor hardest, and epidemics often produced popular protest, with medical officials in Russia being lynched during the epidemic of 1892. Later outbreaks have almost always been associated with the breakdown of the state through civil war (Peru) or natural disaster (Haiti).
5 1:02:06 'The Great Unwashed'
Typhus, the subject of the fifth lecture in the series, was caused by a bacterium hosted by the human body louse, and has thus always been associated with dirty and overcrowded conditions and spread above all by armies marching across the countryside and living in filthy and unhygienic conditions. In 18th-century England it was known as 'gaol fever'. The 'hyginenic revolution' of the Victorian era reduced its incidence. Preventive measures taken on the Western Front reduced casualties, but it recurred during the Second World War, especially at Stalingrad and in Nazi concentration camps. The Nazis carried out numerous experiments on involuntary human subjects to try and develop preventive measures; in Nazi propaganda, the spread of typhus was attributed to the Jews, who were likened to bacilli or lice in order to make their mass murder at Auschwitz and elsewhere acceptable.
6 47:51 Lessons from the Past, Warnings for the Future
The concluding lecture takes the example of HIV/AIDS and discusses how reactions to the epidemic mirrored those found in the social and cultural perception of earlier epidemics. As in earlier epidemics, sufferers have been ostracized, persecuted or blamed for their own misfortune. In South Africa the government of Thabn Mbeki dismissed AIDS as an ideological construct of neo-colonialism building on racist stereotypes of Africans as sexually irresponsible, with disastrous consequences. HIV/AIDS has spread rapidly through modern means of communication, such as air travel, just as cholera was spread by traffic on railways and steamships. Future epidemics may spread even more rapidly, and the series concludes by asking what, if anything, can be done to prevent them.
(русский / in Russian) Основы дискретной математики | Алексей Пастор (Fundamentals of Discrete Mathematics by Alexey Pastor)
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: Лекториум 2013年7月16日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
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Целью курса является знакомство слушателей с основными понятиями и методами дискретной математики: основами математической логики, элементарной комбинаторикой и теорией графов.страница курса на сайте Computer Science Center
source: Лекториум 2013年7月16日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
https://www.facebook.com/openlektorium
Целью курса является знакомство слушателей с основными понятиями и методами дискретной математики: основами математической логики, элементарной комбинаторикой и теорией графов.страница курса на сайте Computer Science Center
(русский / in Russian) Компьютерные сети | Александр Масальских (Computer networks by Alexander Masalskih)
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source: Лекториум 2013年6月16日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
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https://www.facebook.com/openlektorium
source: Лекториум 2013年6月16日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
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(русский / in Russian) Алгоритмы во внешней памяти | Максим Бабенко (Algorithms in external memory by Maxim Babenko)
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source: Лекториум 2013年7月24日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
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Традиционные курсы по алгоритмам, несмотря на подчеркнутую заботу об эффективности и практичности, часто предполагают, что обрабатываемые данные достаточно малы, чтобы поместиться в оперативную память компьютера. Последняя же обычно представляется одним большим массивом ячеек, доступ к любой из которых имеет одинаковую цену.
В реальных приложениях эта модель оказывается не слишком подходящей. Во-первых, существует большое число случаев, когда необходимо уметь обрабатывать данные на внешнем носителе, обычно жестком диске. Во-вторых, используемые сейчас повсеместно многоуровневые системы кеширования делают фактическое время исполнения алгоритма существенно менее предсказуемым. Память не является гомогенной средой, и хороший алгоритм должен заботиться о том, чтобы располагать данные правильным с точки зрения локальности образом.
В данном курсе будет дан обзор текущего состояния в области вычислений с учетом иерархической структуры памяти. Мы рассмотрим базовые примитивы (буферизация при чтении и записи, сортировка) и структуры данных (B-деревья и их вариации, буферизованные деревья, приоритетные очереди), поговорим о некоторых стандартных приемах и подзадачах (time forward processing, list ranking). Подробно будут рассмотрены алгоритмы на графах во внешней памяти (BFS, DFS, поиск связных компонент, MST). Будет затронута тема кеширования и cache-oblivious алгоритмов.
Страница курса на сайте Computer Science клуба.logic.pdmi.ras.ru/csclub/courses/hugedataalgorithms
Лекция 1 | Модель вычислений во внешней памяти. Сканирование. Буферизация при чтении и записи. Оптимальая сортировка во внешней памяти. Задача ранжирования списка. Джойны. Рандомизированный поиск независимого множества в списке.
source: Лекториум 2013年7月24日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
https://www.facebook.com/openlektorium
Традиционные курсы по алгоритмам, несмотря на подчеркнутую заботу об эффективности и практичности, часто предполагают, что обрабатываемые данные достаточно малы, чтобы поместиться в оперативную память компьютера. Последняя же обычно представляется одним большим массивом ячеек, доступ к любой из которых имеет одинаковую цену.
В реальных приложениях эта модель оказывается не слишком подходящей. Во-первых, существует большое число случаев, когда необходимо уметь обрабатывать данные на внешнем носителе, обычно жестком диске. Во-вторых, используемые сейчас повсеместно многоуровневые системы кеширования делают фактическое время исполнения алгоритма существенно менее предсказуемым. Память не является гомогенной средой, и хороший алгоритм должен заботиться о том, чтобы располагать данные правильным с точки зрения локальности образом.
В данном курсе будет дан обзор текущего состояния в области вычислений с учетом иерархической структуры памяти. Мы рассмотрим базовые примитивы (буферизация при чтении и записи, сортировка) и структуры данных (B-деревья и их вариации, буферизованные деревья, приоритетные очереди), поговорим о некоторых стандартных приемах и подзадачах (time forward processing, list ranking). Подробно будут рассмотрены алгоритмы на графах во внешней памяти (BFS, DFS, поиск связных компонент, MST). Будет затронута тема кеширования и cache-oblivious алгоритмов.
Страница курса на сайте Computer Science клуба.logic.pdmi.ras.ru/csclub/courses/hugedataalgorithms
Лекция 1 | Модель вычислений во внешней памяти. Сканирование. Буферизация при чтении и записи. Оптимальая сортировка во внешней памяти. Задача ранжирования списка. Джойны. Рандомизированный поиск независимого множества в списке.
(русский / in Russian) Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин (Myths and Realities of the Patriotic War of 1812 by Vladimir Lapin)
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: Лекториум 2013年7月25日
Война 1812 года в контексте наполеоновских войн конца 18-начала 19 вв.
Отечественная война 1812 года в коллективной исторической памяти и в историографии занимает позицию, обособленную от других важных международных событий конца 18?начала 19 вв. Отчасти это – следствие колоссального значения «великой годины», отчасти – проявление идейно-политической составляющей национального российского «исторического романа».
В лекции будет представлено влияние вооруженных конфликтов наполеоновской эпохи, в которых участвовала Россия (действия русского флота в Средиземном море в 1796 г., Итальянский и Швейцарский поход А.В.Суворова, экспедиция в Голландию 1799 г., кампания 1805 г., Прусская кампания 1806-1807 гг., Русско-шведская война 1808?1809 гг., Русско-турецкая война 1806-1812 гг., Русско-персидская война 1804-1813 гг., Русско-австрийская война 1809 г.) на складывание обстановки, в которой развернулись боевые действия на пространстве от Немана до Москвы. Будут затронуты также вопросы изменения политической карты Европы в десятилетия, предшествовавшие эпохе Наполеоновских войн, но оказавших существенное влияние на развитие событий начала 19 века.
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
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1 1:32:17 Как Суворов привел Наполеона из Швейцарии в Москву | Владимир Лапин | ЕУСПб
2 1:46:45 Мы долго молча отступали… | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин
3 1:40:01 Кто победил 26 августа 1812 года? | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | ЕУСПб
4 1:46:29 Упустили или отпустили? | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин | ЕУСПб
5 1:53:45
Cпаситель Отечества | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин | ЕУСПб
6 1:27:50 Знаменитые неузнаваемые портреты | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | ЕУСПб
7 1:36:56 Память о войне 1812 года | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин | Лекториум
8 1:52:29 Бивак, поход, бой | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин
source: Лекториум 2013年7月25日
Война 1812 года в контексте наполеоновских войн конца 18-начала 19 вв.
Отечественная война 1812 года в коллективной исторической памяти и в историографии занимает позицию, обособленную от других важных международных событий конца 18?начала 19 вв. Отчасти это – следствие колоссального значения «великой годины», отчасти – проявление идейно-политической составляющей национального российского «исторического романа».
В лекции будет представлено влияние вооруженных конфликтов наполеоновской эпохи, в которых участвовала Россия (действия русского флота в Средиземном море в 1796 г., Итальянский и Швейцарский поход А.В.Суворова, экспедиция в Голландию 1799 г., кампания 1805 г., Прусская кампания 1806-1807 гг., Русско-шведская война 1808?1809 гг., Русско-турецкая война 1806-1812 гг., Русско-персидская война 1804-1813 гг., Русско-австрийская война 1809 г.) на складывание обстановки, в которой развернулись боевые действия на пространстве от Немана до Москвы. Будут затронуты также вопросы изменения политической карты Европы в десятилетия, предшествовавшие эпохе Наполеоновских войн, но оказавших существенное влияние на развитие событий начала 19 века.
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
https://www.facebook.com/openlektorium
1 1:32:17 Как Суворов привел Наполеона из Швейцарии в Москву | Владимир Лапин | ЕУСПб
2 1:46:45 Мы долго молча отступали… | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин
3 1:40:01 Кто победил 26 августа 1812 года? | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | ЕУСПб
4 1:46:29 Упустили или отпустили? | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин | ЕУСПб
5 1:53:45
Cпаситель Отечества | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин | ЕУСПб
6 1:27:50 Знаменитые неузнаваемые портреты | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | ЕУСПб
7 1:36:56 Память о войне 1812 года | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин | Лекториум
8 1:52:29 Бивак, поход, бой | Мифы и реалии Отечественной войны 1812 года | Владимир Лапин
(русский / in Russian) Вероятностно проверяемые доказательства | Дмитрий Ицыксон (Probabilistically verifiable evidence by Dmitry Itsykson)
# playlist (click the video's upper-left icon)
source: Лекториум 2013年7月24日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
https://www.facebook.com/openlektorium
Вероятностно проверяемые доказательства (Probabalistically Checkable Proofs или PCP) - это одно из самых ярких достижений теоретической информатики 90-х годов. PCP-теорема утверждает, что любое доказательство (в том числе математическое) можно переделать за полиномиальное время в такое, которое можно вероятностно проверить, прочитав лишь константное число битов этого доказательства, при этом алгоритм проверки доказательства использует лишь логарифмическое число случайных битов. Утверждение PCP-теоремы интересно и само по себе, но оно имеет важнейшее применение в теории приближенных алгоритмов для оптимизационных задач. Для многих оптимизационных задач с помощью PCP-теоремы было найдено точное значение параметра с, что существует c-приближенный полиномиальный алгоритм, но для всех c'>c существование c'-приближенного алгоритма влечет P=NP. В курсе планируется подробно разобраться со всей используемой техникой и полностью доказать PCP-теорему и ее усиленные варианты, используемые в приложениях.
План курса:
Доказательство PCP-теоремы, придуманное Динур.
3-х битная версия PCP-теоремы Хастада и следствия про трудность приближения.
Unique Game Conjecture - гипотеза, к которой сводятся очень многие вопросы о существовании приближенного алгоритма.
Страница курса на сайте Computer Science клуба.
source: Лекториум 2013年7月24日
Подписывайтесь на канал: https://www.lektorium.tv/ZJA
Следите за новостями:
https://vk.com/openlektorium
https://www.facebook.com/openlektorium
Вероятностно проверяемые доказательства (Probabalistically Checkable Proofs или PCP) - это одно из самых ярких достижений теоретической информатики 90-х годов. PCP-теорема утверждает, что любое доказательство (в том числе математическое) можно переделать за полиномиальное время в такое, которое можно вероятностно проверить, прочитав лишь константное число битов этого доказательства, при этом алгоритм проверки доказательства использует лишь логарифмическое число случайных битов. Утверждение PCP-теоремы интересно и само по себе, но оно имеет важнейшее применение в теории приближенных алгоритмов для оптимизационных задач. Для многих оптимизационных задач с помощью PCP-теоремы было найдено точное значение параметра с, что существует c-приближенный полиномиальный алгоритм, но для всех c'>c существование c'-приближенного алгоритма влечет P=NP. В курсе планируется подробно разобраться со всей используемой техникой и полностью доказать PCP-теорему и ее усиленные варианты, используемые в приложениях.
План курса:
Доказательство PCP-теоремы, придуманное Динур.
3-х битная версия PCP-теоремы Хастада и следствия про трудность приближения.
Unique Game Conjecture - гипотеза, к которой сводятся очень многие вопросы о существовании приближенного алгоритма.
Страница курса на сайте Computer Science клуба.
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