The History of Life on Earth in Three Minutes

source: Big Think 2014年01月01日
According to the Anno Domini designation, the year is now 2014. But the Earth has been around a lot longer than that - about 4.567 billion years. The first evidence of life dates back to around 3.8 billion years ago. Homo sapiens first appeared on the planet around two hundred thousand years - or ten thousand generations - ago.

How's that for perspective?

Kirk Johnson, director of the National Museum of Natural History, calls this perspective "deep time." This is the story of our planet preserved in "the DNA of living things," Johnson explains, as well as "in the fossils we find, in the geologic structures of our planet, in the meteorites we scavenge from the ice fields in Antarctica. Those things together give us an incredible manual for thinking about the planet."

Why is this manual useful? We are facing a century that will be an incredibly challenging one for humanity. We now live on a planet with seven billion people, which is up from 1.7 billion people just three or four generations ago. So we have more people, and a greater need for resources.

Fortunately we have the bodies of extinct plants and animals that lived for the last three-and-a-half billion years. These fossils are not only a source of energy, but also a source of knowledge about how this planet works. Over its history the Earth has seen an incredible diversity of life - maybe as many as fifty million species. Johnson says we're learning "as much about the evolution of life on Earth by looking at what happened in the past as we are at looking at the breakthroughs in genomics and DNA of living things." Furthermore, Johnson sees the sequencing of the human genome as the vanguard for what will eventually be "the study of the genomics of all living things."

We have the opportunity right now, Johnson says, to choose what our future will be. Our understanding of the diversity of life on this planet, he says, will be our guide. This story is being told at a current exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History called "Genome: Unlocking Life's Code."

In the video, Johnson shares a unique perspective on deep time in the form of a timeline of life on this planet in just three minutes.

Transcript - Life on Earth is an amazing story. The planet forms around 4.567 billion years ago. The first rocks that appear to have any chemical evidence of life show up around 3.8 billion years ago. Then by 3.5 billion years ago we actually see evidence of these bacterial mounds. And we waited a long time before we see any life forms that are large. The first large life forms show up about 600 million years ago and they are sea floor organisms that are now extinct that looked like placemats believe it or not. After that there's somewhere around 500 million years is an explosion of marine life, lots of diversification, the first organisms that were related to the different groups of marine animals you find today. It's not until about 400 million years ago that the first life emerges onto land. The first little arachnid spider-like organisms, early plants that were only maybe a centimeter tall. Wait another 100 million years you get your first forest.

You get your first large bodied terrestrial animals. Things like giant millipedes and the first land living vertebrates evolving from fish. Sometime after that animals -- four-legged animals finally learned how to eat plants. It took a while for the first terrestrial herbivores to appear. That happened somewhere around 300 million years ago. And then there's a major extinction that happens at 250 million years ago. Don't really know the cause but something to do with the perturbation of the Earth's carbon cycle where we lose something like 90 percent of the species on the planet. When they disappear it's like the near shave for life on Earth. But out of that grows the age of the dinosaurs. And for 150 million years we have a world that's warm, a world that is so warm that no polar ice caps. And in that world a great diversity of animals that start to look familiar to you cohabit with the dinosaurs. We get the first birds. We get the first mammals. We still have these large dinosaurs and then at 66 million years ago an asteroid the size of Denver traveling 20 times the speed of a bullet crashes into the Yucatan Peninsula and causes a massive extinction of all animals that are larger than dogs on the planet.

Directed / Produced by Jonathan Fowler and Dillon Fitton

Sharon Salzberg: Kindness is Great

source: Big Think 2014年01月07日
If you are looking for a principle to guide your life in the new year, the meditation teacher Sharon Salzberg proposes you practice kindness. By that Salzberg means the transformative Buddhist practice of Loving Kindness (or metta in Pali).

While kindness is widely recognized to be a virtue, Salzberg says we also tend to see it as an ineffectual or meek quality. People often think of kindness as the inclination to say yes to everyone and every thing, or what Salzberg calls "being soft and being a doormat and letting someone walk over you."

Salzberg, the co-author, along with Robert Thurman, of the book Love Your Enemies: How to Break the Anger Habit & Be a Whole Lot Happier (http://goo.gl/MgnHkr) redefines kindness as a strength. According to Salzberg, kindness needs to be "infused with wisdom, supported by courage, and threaded with balance."

Salzberg describes how we can have genuine compassion for someone and also "protect ourselves and want to take care of ourselves or protect others" and also have strong boundaries and the ability to say no.

Transcript -- The common perception tends to be that a quality like kindness or loving kindness or compassion is a sort of weakness, that it makes you sort of silly or very complacent, that you're only gonna say yes. You're only gonna say yes, you can move in, you can take over my apartment, I'll give you all my money just keep doing what you're doing, it's fine. Well maybe it's not fine at all. And so we really need to look at that as well. Why do we have such a sense of love or loving kindness that it's almost degraded into this kind of foolish reaction as compared to the force that it genuinely is.

We really can redefine strength and not see compassion, for example, as giving in and just being too soft and being a doormat and letting someone walk over you. But understanding we can have a genuine compassion for someone and also protect ourselves and want to take care of ourselves or protect others and have a strong boundary and say no.

You can be fierce or kind of intense in how we relate to somebody but we don't have to have that kind of obsession, you know, how we can go through someone's list of faults like all day long and then we go through it again and it's the same list. It's not like we learn new faults. But we're so caught up it's like we've given so much of our own life energy over to someone else that we want to recapture it, we want to be free. And so one of the ways of doing that is really having a genuine compassion for the pain that this person is also in without having it lead to that kind of weakness.

So I've often thought that in this society at this time that we tend to see kindness as a sort of secondary virtue. It's like if you can't be brilliant and you can't be courageous and you can't be wonderful, like okay, be kind. It's nice, you know. It's not great but it's good. But it is great. It actually is great to really feel into the pain of someone and to wish them well. Not wish them to be triumphant in what they're doing but wishing that they could be free of that pain which is the source of their negative behavior.

Directed / Produced by Jonathan Fowler and Dillon Fitton